JAOS Journal of the American Oriental Society.
JRAS Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society.
SBE Sacred Books of the East.
ZDMG Zeitschrift der deutschen morgenlandischen Gesellschaft
The complete titles and descriptions of the works cited in the Notes will be found in the Bibliography.
2. See supra, pp. 23-24.
3. Religion of Babylonia and Assyria, Boston, 1898, pp. 429, 432.
4. ibid. p. 537.
5. ibid. p. 541.
6. A. A. Macdonell, Vedic Mythology, Strassburg, 1897, p. 67.
7. For all these myths see supra, pp. 33, 35-36, 87-88, 93, 133.
8. Yasna, ix. 7.
9. Vendidad, xx. 24.
10. Thrita, whose name means "third," was the third man who prepared the haoma, according to Yasna, ix. 9.
11. Yasna, ix. 7.
12. Yasht, v. 61.
13. This line, fra thwam zadanka paiti uzukhshane zafare paiti uzraocayeni, well illustrates the extent to which much of the Avesta in its present form has suffered interpolation. It is obvious, from the parallelism with Azhi Dahaka's speech, that the line should read simply fra thwam paiti uzukhshane ("thee will I besprinkle wholly" [i.e. with fire]). The same thing occurs below in the last line of the translation from Yasht, viii. 24, where the parallelism with dasanam gairinam aojo ("strength of mountains ten in number") shows that the word navayanam ("navigable") is interpolated in the line dasanam apam navayanam aojo, which should read dasanam apam aojo ("strength of rivers ten in number").
14. Yasht, xix. 47-51. The "Child of Waters" is mentioned in magic Mandean inscriptions as "Nbat, the great primeval germ which the Life hath sent" (H. Pognon, Inscriptions mandaites des coupes de Khouabir, Paris, 1898, pp. 63, 68; cf. also p. 95).
15. G. Hiising (Die traditionelle Ueberlieferung und das arische System, p. 53) thinks that Apaosha means "Coverer," "Concealer" (from apa + var).
16. Yasht, viii. 4-5.
17. [361] Yasht, viii. 23-24.
18. Yasht, viii. 29.
19. Yasht, viii. 13. Fifteen was the paradisiac age to the Iranian mind.
20. Bundahish, vii. 4-7 (tr. E. W. West, in SBE v. 26-27).
21. Bundahish, xix. 1-10.
22. J. Darmesteter, Ormazd et Ahriman, p. 148; E. W. West, in SBE v. 67, note 4.
23. M. Ananikian, "Armenia (Zoroastrianism in)," in Encyclopedia of Religion and Ethics, i. 799, Edinburgh, 1908.
24. J. Darmesteter, Zend-Avesta, ii. 559.
25. Yasht, xiv.
26. Cf. the healing functions of Thrita and Thraetaona, supra, p. 265, and infra, p. 318.
27. Cf. the story of Atar, supra, pp. 266-67.
28. Cf. the legend of Tishtrya, supra, p. 269.
29. Namely, seizing its prey with its talons and rending it with its beak. The bird Vareghna is apparently the raven.
30. Yasht, xiv. 19-21. The comparison of the lightning to a bird is of frequent occurrence.
31. Yasht, xiv. 27-33.
32. Yasht, xiv. 62-63.
33. Yasna, ix. II.
1. Adapted from E. W. West's translation of Bundahish, i-iii, and Selections of Zad-Sparam, i-ii, in SBE v. 1-19, 156-63.
2. "As the best lord"; the opening words of Yasna, xxvii. 13, and a formula frequently used in prayers. Cf. L. H. Mills, in JRAS, 1910, pp. 57-68, 641-57.
3. A reminiscence of the myths of Tishtrya and Verethraghna; cf. supra, pp. 269, 272.
4. A reminiscence of the storm-myths of Azhi, etc.; cf . supra, pp. 266-67.
5. The planets are evil beings since they do not follow the regular course of the stars.
6. Bundahish, xiii.
7. Yasht, v. 1-4.
8. Yasht, v. 7, 64, 126-129.
9. Bundahish, ix; Selections of Zad-Sparam, viii.
10. Bundahish, xviii.
11. Yasna, ix. 17-18.
12. Yasna, ix. 19-20.
13. Yasna, ix. 22-23. It is scarcely necessary to note that the word "Haoma" is dissyllabic.
14. A. A. Macdonell, Vedic Mythology, Strassburg, 1897, p. 111.
15. M. Jastrow, Religion of Babylonia and Assyria, Boston, 1898, pp. 520-21.
16. Bundahish, xxvii. 1.
17. Selections of Zad-Sparam, ii. 5.
18. O. Schrader, "Aryan Religion," in Encyclopedia of Religion and Ethics, ii. 39, Edinburgh, 1910.
19. A. A. Macdonell, Vedic Mythology, Strassburg, 1897, p. 88 ff.
20. See supra, pp. 44-45.
21. J. Darmesteter, Zend-Avesta, i. pp. lix ff.
22. Bundahish, xvii. 1-4.
23. J. Darmesteter, Zend-Avesta, i. 150.
24. Bundahish, iii. 24; Selections of Zad-Sparam, ii. ii.
25. Selections of Zad-Sparam, ii. 6.
26. Namely, his spiritual prototype, his supra-terrestrial self or guardian spirit. For this account of Geush Urvan see Bundahish, iii. 17-18, iv. 1-5.
27. F. Cumont, The Mysteries of Mithra, Chicago, 1903, p. 131 ff.
28. See P. D. Chantepie de la Saussaye, Religion of the Teutons, Boston, 1902, p. 341.
29. Yasht, xiv. 19.
30. Yasht, xiv. 41.
31. Mainog-i-Khrat, lxii. 40-42 (tr. E. W. West, in SBE xxiv. 112).
32. Bundahish, xix. 13.
33. supra, p. 272.
34. Yasht, xix. 35.
35. Yasht, xiv. 34-36.
36. J. Darmesteter, Zend-Avesta, ii. 571, note 51; Shahnamah, tr. A. G. and E. Warner, i. 246.
37. Shahnamah, i. 320-22.
38. Vendidad, ii. 42.
39. Bundahish, xix. 16.
40. J. Darmesteter, Ormazd et Ahriman, p. 189.
41. Vendidad, xvii. 9.
42. Bundahish, xix. 19.
43. C. Bartholomae, Altiranisches Worterbuch, col. 259.
44. J. Darmesteter, in SBE xxiii. 203, note 4.
45. A. A. Macdonell, Vedic Mythology, Strassburg, 1897, p. 152; see also supra, pp. 47, 62.
46. Bundahish, xix. 21-25.
47. Bundahish, xix. 36.
1. Yasht, xiii. 87.
2. Yasna, xxvi. 10.
3. Bundahishh, xxx. 7.
4. Bundahishh, xxiv. i.
5. Mainog-i-Khrat, xxvii. 14.
6. Mainog-i-Khrat, xxvii. 18; J. Darmesteter, Ormazd et Ahriman,- 159
7. F. Windischmann, Zoroastrische Studien, p. 216.
8. Yashtt, xiii. 86; Yasna, lxviii. 22; Visparad xxi. 2.
9. J. Darmesteter, Ormazd et Ahriman, p. 159. 10. See supra, p. 68.
10. J. Darmesteter, Ormazd et Ahriman, p. 159, note 4.
12. F. Windischmann, Zoroastrische Studien, p. 215.
13. The Pahlavi text is very uncertain in this place.
14. The nature of this sin is not clear. It seems, however, that they were required to respect all the creatures of Ahura Mazda.
15. This whole passage is very uncertain.
16. Bundahishh, xv. 1-24.
17. Shahnamah, i. 120.
18. F. Justi, Iranisches Namenbuch, p. 126.
19. Yasht, v. 21.
20. The bundle of twigs which the Iranian priest holds in his hand during the sacrifice.
21. Yashtt, xv. 7.
22. Yasht, xix. 26. The metre shows that the last word of the second line, haptaithyam ("sevenfold"), should be omitted, so that it should read yat khshayata paiti bumim ("so that o'er the earth he governed"). Mazana is probably the modern Mazandaran, and Varena seems to have corresponded to Gilan (see L. H. Gray, "Mazandaran," in Encyclopedia of Religion and Ethics, viii. 507, Edinburgh, 1916).
23. Yashtt, xvii. 25.
24. Yashtt, xiii. 137.
25. Mirkhond, History of the Early Kings of Persia, tr. D. Shea, p. 68.
26. Shahnamah, i. 123; cf. also L. H. Gray, "Festivals and Fasts (Iranian)," in Encyclopedia of Religion and Ethics, v. 873-74, Edinburgh, 1912.
27. Shahnamah, i. 124.
28. J. Darmesteter, in SBE xxiii. 252, note i.
29. J. Darmesteter, Zend-Avesta, ii. 266, note 49.
30. J. Darmesteter, Ormazd et Ahriman, p. 169.
31. xvii. 4.
32. J. Darmesteter, Ormazd et Ahriman, p. 167.
33. Shahnamah, i. 127.
1. Shahnamah, i. 131, 133.
2. Yasna, ix. 4-5.
3. Yasht, xix. 31-32.
4. Shahnamah, i. 134.
5. E. W. West, in SBE xlvii. p. xxix.
6. J. Darmesteter, Zend-Avesta, ii. 18.
7. J. Ehni, Der vedische Mythus des Yama, Strassburg, 1890, p. 171.
8. Shahnamah, i. 131.
9. Vendidad, ii. 3-4. The second and fourth lines of verse read, more literally, "to remember and carry the religion." In the first line of Ahura Mazda's speech me ("my") has been omitted as unmetrical both in Avesta and in English.
10. Bundahish, xvii. 5-8. Cf. the enumeration of the fires, supra, p. 285.
11. This line is unmetrical in the original (mashyanamca sunamca vayamca). The second or third word (probably the latter) apparently should be omitted.
12. Goddess of the earth.
13. Vendidad, ii. 9-11.
14. Worshipful beings.
15. A mythical land, at one time identified with the valley of the Aras in Transcaucasia.
16. The river-goddess; cf. supra, p. 278.
17. The deserts (C. Bartholomae, Altiranisches Worterbuch, col. 1799).
18. In stalls (C. Bartholomae, Altiranisches Worterbuch, col. 819).
19. The meaning of these terms is unknown. The Editor suggests that kasvish may mean "dwarfishness" (cf. Avesta kasu, "small," kasvika "trifling").
20. Vendidad, ii. 21-31.
21. Vendidad, ii. 31-42.
22. Dinkart, XII. ix. 3 (tr. E. W. West, in SBE xlvii. 108).
23. Yasna, xxxii. 8; cf. J. H. Moulton, Early Zoroastrianism, p. 149; C. Bartholomae, Altiranisches Worterbuch, col. 1866.
24. Sad-Dar, xciv. (tr. T. Hyde, Historia religionis veterum Persarum, p. 485).
25. Yasht, xix. 33.
26. Shahnamah, i. 134.
27. Rgveda, X. x; cf. supra, p. 68.
28. Bundahish, xxiii. I.
29. Yasht, xix. 34-38.
30. Yasht, v. 29-34.
31. Shahnamah, i. 140.
32. Yasht, xix. 46.
33. Mirkhond, History of the Early Kings of Persia, tr. D. Shea, p. 120.
34. See supra, pp. 68-69; cf. also pp. 99-100, 159-61, 214-15.
35. A. A. Macdonell, Vedic Mythology, Strassburg, 1897, p. 43.
36. J. Ehni, Die ursprungliche Gottheit des vedischen Yama, Leipzig, 1896, p. 8.
37. A. A. Macdonell, Vedic Mythology, Strassburg, 1897, p. 167; cf. Rgveda, X. lxviii. II, "the manes have adorned the sky with constellations, like a black horse with pearls."
38. Rgveda, X. lxv. 6.
39. Rgveda, X. cxxxv. i (cf. A. A. Macdonell, Vedic Mythology, Strassburg, 1897, p. 167); Atharvaveda, V. iv. 3.
40. J. Darmesteter, Ormazd et Ahriman, p. 107.
41. Shahnamah, i. 139-40.
42. J. Darmesteter, Etudes iraniennes, ii. 210-12.
43. E. H. Meyer, Indogermanische Mythen, Berlin, 1883-87, i. 229.
44. Shahnamah, i. 132.
45. i. 132.
46. Shahnamah, i. 133.
47. Mirkhond, History of the Early Kings of Persia, tr. D. Shea, p. 103.
1. Shahnamah, i. 147.
2. Shahnamah, i. 15455.
3. Shahnamah, i. 145.
4. On his way to Dahhak's capital, Gang-i-Dizhhukht (which Firdausi identifies with Jerusalem) Faridun was checked for an instant by a river, and a curious legend preserved in the Avesta (Yasht, v. 61-65) is related to the episode. Since the ferryman Paurva was unwilling to row him across, he, having a complete knowledge of magic, assumed the shape of a vulture and flung the man high in air, so that for three days he went flying toward his house, but could not turn downward. When the beneficent dawn came at the end of the third night, Paurva prayed to Ardvi Sura Anahita, who hastened to his rescue, seized him by the arm, and brought him safely home.
5. Shahnamah, i. 146.
6. Shahnamah, i. 162.
7. Shahnamah, i. 167.
8. VIII. xiii. 9 (tr. E. W. West, in SBE xxxvii. 28).
9. Bundahish, xxxi. 10.
10. Yasht, xix. 38-44 (cf. Yasna, ix. 11, Yasht, v. 38, xv. 28).
11. Yasht, xiii. 136.
12. Yasna, ix. 11 = Yasht, xix. 40, Pahlavi Rivayat, tr. E. W. West, in SBE xviii. 374.
13. The metre of the original shows that Keresaspa is to be pronounced Krsa-aspa.
14. Supra, pp. 58-59, 94-95, 143.
15. The author is not convinced by the arguments advanced by G. Husing (Die traditionelle Ueberlieferung und das arische System, pp. 135-39) to prove that Gandarewa was originally a bird.
16. Yasht, xix. 41, Pahlavi Rivayat, tr. E. W. West, in SBE xviii. 375.
17. Heaven.
18. Yasht, xix. 43-44. The metre of the original is not wholly correct.
19. Yasht, xv. 28, xix. 41.
20. Pahlavi Rivayat (tr. E. W. West, in SBE xviii. 376).
21. E. W. West, in SBE xviii. 378, note 1.
22. Mainog-i-Khrat, xxvii. 50.
23. Pahlavi Rivayat (tr. E. W. West, in SBE xviii. 376-77).
24. Yasht, xix. 41, Vendidad, i. 9.
25. Bundahish) xxix. 7.
26. Yasht, xiii. 61.
27. Pahlavi Rivayat (tr. E. W. West, in SBE xviii. 373-80).
28. Shahnamah, i. 174.
29. Yasht, xiii. 131.
30. Bundahish, xii. 10.
31. Bundahish, xxxi. 21-22.
32. A Persian weight of widely varying values.
33. Shahnamah, i. 291, 296-97.
34. Shahnamah, i. 320-22.
35. On the story of Rustam cf. G. Husing, Beitrage zur Rustamsage, Leipzig, 1913.
36. Shahnamah, ii. 119-87; for the motif in saga-cycles see M. A. Potter, Sohrab and Rustam: The Epic Theme of a Combat between Father and Son, London, 1902.
37. Yasht, v. 41-43.
38. Yasna, xi. 7; Yasht, ix. 18-22, xix. 56-64.
39. Bundahish, xxxi. 21; J. Darmesteter, Zend-Avesta, ii. 400.
40. Bundahish, xxix. 5.
41. Mainog-i-Khrat, Ixii. 31-36. This seems to be a reminiscence of the man-headed bulls in Babylonian art (L. C. Casartelli, Philosophy of the Mazdayasnian Religion under the Sassanids, 182).
42. J. Darmesteter, Zend-Avesta, ii. 400.
43. Dinkart, VII. i. 31 (tr. E. W. West, in SBE xlvii. 1-12).
44. Bundahish, xxxi. 24.
45. Dinkart, VII. ii. 62-63 (tr. E. W. West, in SBE xlvii. 31-32).
46. Shahnamah, ii. 26.
47. Yasht, xiii. 131; Afrin-i-Zartusht, 2.
48. Dinkart, VII. i. 36 (tr. E. W. West, in SBE xlvii. 13).
49. Yasna, xlvi. 12; Yasht, v. 81-83.
50. J. Darmesteter, Zend-Avesta, ii. 386; cf. the Pahlavi text as ed. and tr. by E. W. West, in The Book of Arda Viraf, Bombay, 1872.
51. Dinkart, IX. xxii. 4-12 (tr. E. W. West, in SBE xxxvii. 220- 23).
52. A. A. Macdonell, Vedic Mythology, Strassburg, 1897, p. 64.
53. Yasht, v. 50.
54. Yasht, ix. 17-18. Haosravah and Caecasta are trisyllabic.
55. J. Darmesteter, Zend-Avesta, i. 154.
56. Shahnamah, iv. 264-69.
57. Dinkart, VII. i. 40 (tr. E. W. West, in SBE xlvii. 14).
58. J. Darmesteter, Zend-Avesta, ii. 661, note 29; see also supra, pp. 149-50.
59. Afrin-i-Zartusht, 7.
60. Yasht, v. 54.
61. J. Darmesteter, Zend-Avesta, ii. 380.
62. C. Bartholomae, Altiranisches Worterbuch, col. 1459.
63. The prose line aat me tum aredvi sure anahite kush(k)em peshum raecaya should probably read, aat hush(k)em peshum raecaya aredvi sure anahite
"So a crossing dry provide thou, Ardvi Sura Anahita".
64. Yasht, v. 77-78.
65. Yasht, v. 113.
66. J. Darmesteter, Etudes iraniennes, ii. 230. The chief Pahlavi source for Zairivairi, the Yatkar-i-Zariran, has been edited by Jamaspji Minocheherji Jamasp-Asana (Bombay, 1897) and translated by Jivanji Jamshedji Modi (Bombay, 1899).
67. Deipnosophistae, xiii. 35 (p. 575).
68. J. Darmesteter, Zend-Avesta, iii. p. lxxxii.
69. Shahnamah, iv. 318 ff.
70. J. Darmesteter, Zend-Avesta, iii. p. lxxxi; cf. E. Rohde, Der griechische Roman, 2nd ed., Leipzig, 1900, pp. 47-55.
71. F. Rosenberg, Le Livre de Zoroastre (Zardtusht Nama), pp. 47-55.
72. Yasna, ix. 13.
73. See supra, pp. 44, 284-85.
74. See supra, pp. 327-28.
1. Cf. also E. J. Becker, A Contribution to the Comparative Study of the Medieval Visions of Heaven and Hell, Baltimore, 1899.
2. Cf. L. H. Gray, "Marriage (Iranian)," in Encyclopedia of Religion and Ethics, viii. 456-59, Edinburgh, 1916.
3. See supra, pp. 283, 336.
4. Cf. the literature cited in the Bibliography (V), p. 402.
1. "Aryan Religion," in Encyclopedia of Religion and Ethics, ii. 39, Edinburgh, 1910.
2. Shahnamah, i. 308-11.
3. Shahnamah, i. 378.
Return to Carnoy Table of Contents
Return to Armenian Mythology Page
Return to History Workshop Menu