Iranian Mythology

by Albert J. Carnoy

Bibliography

Frequently Used Abbreviations

JAOS Journal of the American Oriental Society.
JRAS Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society.
SBE Sacred Books of the East.
ZDMG Zeitschrift der deutschen morgenlandischen Gesellschaft

[Page 395] I. Texts and Translations

[Note: Dr. Carnoy's work was published in 1917. Many of the bibliographic references designated below as "not yet published" have been published. Furthermore, many newer editions of texts have appeared in the intervening years. RB]

1. Avesta. Ed. N. L. Westergaard, Copenhagen, 1852-54, F. Spiegel (incomplete), 2 vols., Vienna, 1853-58, K. F. Geldner, 3 vols., Stuttgart, 1885-96; the Gathas only ed. and tr. M. Haug, 2 vols., Leipzig, 1858-60, L. H. Mills, Oxford, 1892-94; tr. Anquetil du Perron, 2 vols., Paris, 1771, F. Spiegel, 3 vols., Leipzig, 1852-63 (English tr. by A. Bleeck, 3 vols., Hertford, 1864), C. de Harlez, 2nd ed., Paris, 1881, J. Darmesteter and L. H. Mills, in SBE [Sacred Books of the East] iv (2nd ed., 1895), xxiii, xxxi (1883), J. Darmesteter, 3 vols., Paris, 1892-93, F. Wolff, Strassburg, 1910; the Gathas only tr. L. H. Mills, Oxford, 1900, C. Bartholomae, Strassburg, 1904.

2. Pahlavi. (i) Arta-i-Viraf. Ed. and tr. E. W. West and M. Haug, Bombay, 1872; ed. K. J. Jamasp Asa, Bombay, 1902; tr. A. Barthelemy, Paris, 1887. (ii) Bahman Yasht. Ed. K. A. Nosherwan, Bombay, 1899; tr. E. W. West, in SBE v. 191-235 (1880). (iii) Bundahish. Ed. and tr. F. Justi, Leipzig, 1868; tr. E. W. West, in SBE v. 3-151 (1880). (iv) Dinkart. Ed. and tr. P. B. and D. P. Sanjana, Bombay, 1874 ff.; ed. D. M. Madan, 2 vols., Bombay, 1911; tr. (partial) E. W. West, in SBE xxxvii, xlvii. 1-130 (1892-97). (v) Great Bundahish. Ed. T. D. Anklesaria, Bombay, 1908. (vi) Gujastak-i-Abalish. Ed. and tr. A. Barthelemy, Paris, 1887; tr. I. Pizzi, in Bessarione, II. iii. 299-307 (1902). (vii) Mainog-i-Khrat. Ed. and tr. E. W. West, Stuttgart and London, 1871; ed. D. P. Sanjana, Bombay, 1895; tr. E. W. West, in SBE xxiv. 3-113 (1885). ( viii) Selections of Zat-Sparam. Tr. E. W. West, in SBE v. 155-87, xlvii. 133-70 (1880-97). (ix) Yosht-i-Fryano. Ed. and tr. E. W. West, in The Book of Arda Viraf, pp. 207-66, Bombay, 1872; tr. A. Barthelemy, Paris, 1889.

3. Persian and Arabic, (i) Dabistan. Tr. D. Shea and A. Troyer, 3 vols., Paris, 1843 (only vol. i relevant here), (ii) Firdausi, Shahnamah. Ed. T. Macan, 4 vols., Calcutta, 1829; ed. and tr. J. Mohl, 7 vols., Paris, 1838-78 (translation separately, 7 vols., Paris, 1876-78); ed. J. A. Vullers and S. Laudauer, 3 vols., Leyden, 1877-84 (incomplete); tr. I. Pizzi, 8 vols., Turin, 1886-88, A. G. and E. Warner, [396] London, 1905 ff. (iii) Mas'udi, Les Prairies d'or. Ed. and tr. C. Barbier de Meynard and Pavet de Courteille, 9 vols., Paris, 1861-77. (iv) Mirkhond, History of the Early Kings of Persia. Tr. D. Shea, London, 1832. (v) Mohl, J., Fragmens relatifs a la religion de Zoroastre, Paris, 1829 (German tr. by J. A. Vullers, Bonn, 1831). (vi) Shahristani, Kitdb al-Milal tv'al-Nihal. Ed. W. Cureton, London, 1846; tr. T. Haarbriicker, 2 vols., Halle, 1850-51. (vii) Tabari, Chronique . . . sur la version persane de Bel'ami. Ed. and tr. H. Zotenberg, 4 vols., Paris, 1867-74 (see also T. Noldeke, Geschichte der Perser und Araber zur Zeit der Sasaniden aus der arabischen Chronik des Tabari, Leyden, 1879). (viii) Tha'alibi, Histoire des rois de Perse. Ed. and tr. H. Zotenberg, Paris, 1900. (ix) 'Ulama-i- Islam. Ed. J. Mohl, Fragmens relatifs d la religion de Zoroastre, pp. 1-10, Paris, 1829; tr. J. A. Vullers, Fragmente ueber die Religion des Zoroaster, pp. 43-67, Bonn, 1831, E. Blochet, in Revue de l'histoire des religions, xxxvii. 23-49 (1899). (x) Zardtushtnamah. Ed. and tr. F. Rosenberg, Petrograd, 1904.

II. Non-Iranian Sources

EZNIK OF KOLB, Against the Sects. Tr. J. M. Schmid. Vienna, 1900.

GELZER, H., "Eznik und die Entwicklung des persischen Religions- systems," in Zeitschrift fur armenische Philologie, i. 149-63

GOTTHEIL, R. J. H., "References to Zoroaster in Syriac and Arabic Literature," in Classical Studies in Honour of Henry Drisler, pp. 24-51. New York, 1894.

GRAY, L. H., "Zoroastrian . . . Material in the Acta Sanctorum," in Journal of the Manchester Egyptian and Oriental Society, 1913-14. pp. 37-55.

HOFFMANN, G., Auszuge aus syrischen Akten persischer Martyrer. Leipzig, 1880.

KLEUKER, J. F., Zend-Avesta, Appendix, vol. ii, part 3. Leipzig and Riga, 1783.

NOLDEKE, T., "Syrische Polemik gegen die persische Religion," in Festgruss an Rudolf von Roth, pp. 34-38. Stuttgart, 1893.

RAPP, A., "Die Religion und Sitte der Perser und ubrigen Iranier nach den griechischen und romischen Quellen," in ZDMG [Zeitschrift der deutschen morgenlandischen Gesellschaft] xix. 1-89, xx. 49-204 (1865-66). English translation by K. R. Cama, 2 vols. Bombay, 1876-79.

SODERBLOM, N., "Theopompus and the Avestan Ages of the World," in Dastur Hoshang Memorial Volume, pp. 228-30. Not yet published.

[397] THEODORE BAR KONI, Liber Scholiorum, tr. H. Pognon, Inscriptions mandaites des coupes de Khouabir, pp. 161-65. Paris, 1898.

TIELE, C. P., "Plutarchus over de Amsaspands," in Feestbundel Prof. Boot, pp. 117-19. Leyden, 1901.

III. General Treatises

AYUSO, F. G., Los Pueblos iranios y Zoroastro. Madrid, 1874.

BARTHOLOMAE, C., Altiranisches Worterbuch. Strassburg, 1905.

BRISSON, B., De regio Persarum principatu, pp. 338-401. Ed. J. H. Lederlin. Strassburg, 1710.

CARNOY, A. J., Religion of the Avesta. London, no date.
"Le Nom des Mages," in Museon, II. ix. 121-58 (1908).
"La Magie dans 1'Iran," in Museon, III. i. 171-88 (1916).
"The Moral Deities of India and Iran and their Origins," in American Journal of Theology, xxi. 58-78 (1917).

CASARTELLI, L. C., Philosophy of the Mazdayasnian Religion Under the Sassanids. English translation by F. Jamaspji. Bombay, 1889.
The Religion of the Great Kings. London, no date.

DARMESTETER, J., Etudes iraniennes, ii. 187-231. Paris, 1883.

DESAI, P. B., "Iranian Mythology: Comparison of a few Iranian Episodes with Hindu and Greek Stories," in Spiegel Memorial Volume, pp. 40-49. Bombay, 1908.

DHALLA, M. N., Zoroastrian Theology. New York, 1914.

EASTON, M. W., "The Divinities of the Gathas," in JAOS [Journal of the American Oriental Society] xv. 189-206 (1891).

FRACHTENBERG, L. J., "Allusions to Witchcraft and Other Primitive Beliefs in the Zoroastrian Literature," in Dastur Hoshang Memorial Volume, pp. 399-453. Not yet published.

GEIGER, W., Ostiranische Kultur in Altertum. Erlangen, 1882. English translation by D. P. Sanjana. 2 vols. London, 1885-86.

GELDNER, K., "Zend-Avesta," in Encyclopedia Britannica, 11th ed., xxviii. 967-69.
"Zoroaster," in Encyclopedia Britannica, 11th ed., xxviii. 1039-43.

GELDNER, K., and CHEYNE, T. K., "Zoroastrianism," in Encyclopedia Biblica, coll. 5428-42. London, 1899-1903.

GILMORE, G. W., "Zoroaster, Zoroastrianism," in New Schaff-Herzog Encyclopedia of Religious Knowledge, xii. 522-35. New York, 1908-12.

[398]GORVALA, R. F., "The Immortal Soul: Its Pre-Existence, Persistence after Death and Transmigration," in Spiegel Memorial Volume, pp. 99-124. Bombay, 1908.

HARLEZ, C. DE, "Les Origines du zoroastrisme," in Journal asiatique, VII. xi. 101-34, xii. 117-76, xiii. 241-90, xiv. 89-140 (1878-79).

HAUG, M., Essays on the Parsis. 3rd ed. London, 1884.

HENRY, V., Le Parsisme. Paris, 1905.

HOVELACQUE, A., L'Avesta, Zoroastre et le mazdeisme. Paris, 1880.

HUSING, G., Die iranische Ueberlieferung und das arische System. Leipzig, 1909.

HYDE, T., Historia religionis veterum Persarum eorumque magorum. Oxford, 1700.

JACKSON, A. V. W., "Die iranische Religion," in Grundriss der iranischen Philologie, ii. 612-708. Strassburg, 1903.

JUSTI, F., Iranisches Namenbuch. Marburg, 1895.
"Die alteste iranische Religion und ihr Stifter Zarathustra," in Preussische Jahrbucher, lxxxviii. 55-86, 231-62 (1897).

KARAKA, D. F., History of the Parsis. 2 vols. London, 1884.

LEHMANN, E., "Die Perser," in P. D. Chantepie de la Saussaye, Lehrbuch der Religionsgeschichte, ii. 162-233. 3rd ed. Tubingen, 1905.

LORD, H., Religion of the Parsees. London, 1630.

MENANT, J., Zoroastre. Essai sur la philosophie religieuse de la Perse. 2nd ed. Paris, 1857.

MODI, J. J., Catechism of the Zoroastrian Religion. Bombay, 1911.

MOORE, G. F., History of Religions, chh. xv-xvi. Edinburgh, 1913.

MOULTON, J. H., "Zoroastrianism," in Dictionary of the Bible, iv. 988-94. Edinburgh, 1898-1904.
Early Zoroastrianism. London, 1913.

ORELLI, C. VON, Allgemeine Religionsgeschichte, ii. 140-87. 2nd ed. Bonn, 1911-13.

RAWLINSON, G., Five Great Monarchies of the Ancient Eastern World: Third Monarchy (Media), ch. iv; Fifth Monarchy (Persia), ch. vi. London, 1862.
Seventh Great Oriental Monarchy, ch. xxviii. London, 1876.

SANJANA, R. E. P., Zarathushtra and Zarathushtrianism in the Avesta. Leipzig, 1906.

SODERBLOM, N., "Du Genie du mazdeisme," in Melanges Charles de Harlez, pp. 298-302. Leyden, 1896.

[399] SODERBLOM, N., "The Place of the Christian Trinity and of the Buddhist Triratna amongst Holy Triads," in Transactions of the Third International Congress for the History of Religions, pp. 391-410 (London, 1912).

SPIEGEL, F., Eranische Alterthumskunde. 3 vols. Leipzig, 1871-78.
"Zur Geschichte des Dualismus," in his Arische Studien, i. 62-77. Leipzig, 1874.
Die arische Periode. Leipzig, 1881.
"Die alten Religionen in Eran," in ZDMG liii. 187-96 (1898).

STEIN, M. A., "Zoroastrian Deities on Indo-Scythian Coins," in Babylonian and Oriental Record, 1887, pp. 155-66.

TIELE, C. P., Geschichte der Religion im Altertum (tr. G. Gerich), i. 1-187. Gotha, 1898.

WILHELM, E., On the Use of Beef's Urine according to the Precepts of the Avesta". Bombay, 1899.
"Analogies in Iranian and Armenian Folklore," in Spiegel Memorial Volume, pp. 65-83. Bombay, 1908.

WINDISCHMANN, F., Zoroastrische Studien. Berlin, 1863.

IV. Treatises on Special Points

1. Zoroaster

JACKSON, A. V. W., Zoroaster, The Prophet of Ancient Iran. New York, 1899.
"Some Additional Data on Zoroaster," in Orientalische Studien Theodor Noldeke . . . gewidmet, pp. 1031-38. Giessen, 1906.

JUSTI, F., "The Life and Legend of Zarathushtra," in Avesta . . . Studies in Honour of . . . Peshotanji Behramji Sanjana, pp. 117-58. Bombay, 1904.

KERN, J. H. C., "Over het woord Zarathustra en den mythischen persoon van dien naam," in Verslagen en mededeelingen der koninklijke akademie van wetenschappen, xi. 132-64 (1868).

YOHANNAN, A., "Some Passages in Persian Literature Relating to Zoroaster," in Spiegel Memorial Volume, pp. 150-55. Bombay, 1908.

2. Ahura Mazda and Angra Mainyu

BRADKE, P. von, Dyaus Asura, Ahura Mazda und die Asuras. Halle, 1885.

DARMESTETER, J., Ormazd el Ahriman. Paris, 1877.

[400] JACKSON, A. V. W., "Ormazd, or the Ancient Persian Idea of God," in The Monist, ix. 161-78 (1899).

3. Haurvatat and Ameretat

DARMESTETER, J., Haurvatat et Ameretat. Paris, 1875.

4. Khshathrya Vairya

JACKSON, A. V. W., "Khshathra Vairya," in Avesta. . . Studies in Honour of . . . Peshotanji Behramji Sanjana , pp. 159-66. Bombay, 1904.

5. Spenta Armaiti

CARNOY, A. J., "Aramati-Armatay," in Museon, II. xiii. 127-46 (1912).

6. Fravashi

SODERBLOM, N., Les Fravashis. Paris, 1899.

7. Verethraghna

CHARPENTIER, J., Kleine Beitrage zur indoiranischen Mythologie, pp. 25-68. Upsala, 1911.

8. Anahita

WINDISCHMANN, F., Die persische Anahita oder Anaitis. Munich, 1856.

9. Mithra

CUMONT, F., Textes et monuments figures relatifs aux mystires de Mithra. 2 vols. Brussels, 1896-99.
Les Mysteres de Mithra. 2nd ed. Brussels, 1902. English tr. by T. J. McCormack. Chicago, 1903.

EGGERS, A., Der arische Gott Mitra. Dorpat, 1894.

GRAY, L. H., "Deux etymologies mithriaques," in Museon, III. i. 189-92 (1916).

MEILLET, A., "Le Dieu indo-iranien Mitra," in Journal asiatique, X. i. 143-59 (1907).

MODI, J. J., "St. Michael of the Christians and Mithra of the Zoroastrians," in his Anthropological Papers, pp. 173-90. Bombay, no date.

WINDISCHMANN, F., Mithra. Leipzig, 1857. [401]

10. Simurgh

CASARTELLI, L. C., "Cyena-Simurgh-Roc," in Compte rendu du congres scientifique international des catholiques . . . 1891, vi. 79-87.

11. Khvarenah

WILHELM, E., "Khvareno," in Sir Jamshetjee Jejeebhoy Madressa Memorial Volume Bombay, 1914.

12. Cosmology

CARNOY, A. J., "Iranian Views of Origins in Connection with Similar Babylonian Beliefs," in JAOS xxxvi, 300-20 (1917).

DARMESTETER, J., "Les Cosmogonies aryennes," in his Essais orientaux, pp. 171-207. Paris, 1883.

13. Deluge

LINDNER, B., "Die iranische Flutsage," in Festgruss an Rudolf von Roth, pp. 213-16. Stuttgart, 1903.

14. Eschatology

BRANDT, W., "Schicksale der Seele nach dem Tode nacli mandaischen und parsischen Vorstellungen," in Jahrbucher fur protestantische Theologie, xviii. 405-38, 575-603 (1902).

CASARTELLI, L. C., "The Persian Dante," in Dastur Hoshang Memorial Volume, pp. 258-73. Not yet published.

HUBSCHMANN, H., "Parsische Lehre vom Jenseits und jiingsten Gericht," in Jahrbucher fur protestantische Theologie, v. 203-45 (1879).

JACKSON, A. V. W., "The Ancient Persian Doctrine of a Future Life," in Biblical World, viii. 149-63 (1896).

MODI, J. J., "The Divine Comedy of Dante and the Viraf-nameh of Ardai Viraf," in his Asiatic Papers, pp. 31-44. Bombay, 1905.

SODERBLOM, N., La Vie future d'apres le mazdeisme. Paris, 1901.

[Page 402] V. Zoroastrianism, Judaism, Christianity, and Muhammadanism

AIKEN, C. F., "The Avesta and the Bible," in Catholic University Bulletin, iii. 243-91 (1897).

BOKLEN, E., Verwandtschajt der judisch-christlichen mit der parsischen Eschatologie. Gottingen, 1902.

CHEYNE, T. K., "Possible Zoroastrian Influences on the Religion of Israel," in Expository Times, ii. 202-08, 224-27, 248-53 (1891).

GOLDZIHER, I., "Islamisme et parsisme," in Revue de I'histoire des religions, xliii. 1-29 (1901).

GRAY, L. H., "Zoroastrian Elements in Muhammadan Eschatology," in Museon, II. iii. 153-84 (1902).

HAUPT, E., Uber die Berilhrungen des Alien Testaments mil der Religion Zarathustras. Treptow, 1867.

JACKSON, A. V. W., "Zoroastrianism and the Resemblances between it and Christianity," in Biblical World, xxvii. 335-43 (1906).

KOHUT, A., Judische Angelologie und Demonologie in ihrer Abhdngigkeit vom Parsismus. Leipzig, 1866.
"Was hat die talmudische Eschatologie aus dem Parsismus aufgenommen?," in ZDMG xxi. 552-91 (1867).

KUHN, E., "Eine zoroastrische Prophezeiung in christlichem Gewande," in Festgruss an Rudolf von Roth, pp. 217-21. Stuttgart, 1893.

MILLS, L. H., Zarathushtra (Zoroaster), Philo, the Achaemenids and Israel. 2 vols. Chicago, 1906.
Avesta Eschatology Compared with the Books of Daniel and Revelations. Chicago, 1908.
Our Own Religion in Ancient Persia. Chicago, 1913.

MOULTON, J. H., "Zoroaster and Israel," in The Thinker, i. 406-08, ii. 308-15, 490-501 (1892).
"Zoroastrian Influences on Judaism," in Expository Times, ix. 352-58 (1898).

SPIEGEL, F., "Der Einfluss des Semitismus auf das Avesta," in his Arische Studien, i. 45-61. Leipzig, 1874.

STAVE, E., Uber den Einfluss des Parsismus auf das Judentum. Haarlem, 1898.

[Page 403] VI. Principal Articles on Iranian Religion in The Encyclopaedia of Religion and Ethics (Vols. I-VIII)

ANANIKIAN, M., "Armenia (Zoroastrian)," i. 794-802.

CARNOY, A. J., "Magic (Iranian)," viii. 293-96.

CASARTELLI, L. C., "Dualism (Iranian)," v. 111-12.

CUMONT, F., "Anahita," i. 414-15.

EDWARDS, E., "Altar (Persian)," i. 346-48.
"God (Iranian)," vi. 290-94.

GRAY, L. H., "Achaemenians," i. 69-73.
"Blest, Abode of the (Persian)," ii. 702-04.
Cosmogony and Cosmology (Iranian)," iv. 161-62.
"Divination (Persian)," iv. 818-20.
"Fate (Iranian)," v. 792-93.
"Festivals and Fasts (Iranian)," v. 872-75.
"Fortune (Iranian)," vi. 96.
"Heroes and Hero-Gods (Iranian)," vi. 661-62.
"Life and Death (Iranian)," viii. 37.
"Light and Darkness (Iranian)," viii. 61-62.
"Literature (Pahlavi)," viii. 104-06.

JACKSON, A. V. W., "Ahriman," i. 237-38.
"Amesha Spentas," i. 384-85.
"Avesta," ii. 266-72.
"Demons and Spirits (Persian)," iv. 619-20.
"Images and Idols (Persian)," vii. 151-55.

JONES, H. S., "Mithraism," viii. 752-59.

MENANT, D., "Gabars," vi. 147-56.

MILLS, L. H., "Ahuna-Vairya," i. 238-39.

MILLS, L. H., and GRAY, L. H., "Barsom," ii. 424-25.

MODI, J. J., "Haoma," vi. 506-10.

MOULTON, J. H., "Fravashi," vi. 116-18.
"Iranians," vii. 418-20.
"Magi," viii. 242-44.

NICHOLSON, R. A., "Mazdak," viii. 508-10.

[404] SAYCE, A. H., "Median Religion," viii. 514-15.

SODERBLOM, N., "Ages of the World (Zoroastrian)," i. 205-10.
"Incarnation (Parsi)," vii. 198-99.

SODERBLOM, N., and GRAY, L. H., "Death and Disposal of the Dead (Parsi)," iv. 502-05.

Return to Carnoy Table of Contents
Return to Armenian Mythology Page
Return to History Workshop Menu