Armenian Mythology

II. Encyclopedias

Daremberg, V., and Saglio, E., Dictionnoire des antiquites grecques et romaines, Paris, 1887 ff.

ENCYCLOPEDIA BRITTANICA, Cambridge, 11th ed., 1910-11.

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF RELIGION AND ETHICS, ed. J. Hastings, Edinburgh, 1908ff.

Ersch, J. S. and J. G. Gruber, Allgemeine Encyklopadie der Wissenschaften und Kunste, Leipzig, 1818-50.

GRANDE ENCYCLOPEDIE, LA, Paris, 1885-1901.

PAULY, A. F. von, Realencyclopadie der classischen Altertumrwissenschaft, New ed. by G. Wissowa, Stuttgart, 1904ff.

ROSCHER, W. H., Ausfuhrliches Lexicon der griechische und romische Mythologie, Leipzig, 1884-1902.

III. Sources

For the Indo-European period down to Christian times the most important native sources are:

AGATHANGELOS, 5th cent., ed. Venice, 1865.

[436] ANANIA OF SHIRAG, 7th cent., ed. Patkanean, Petrograd, 1877.

EZNIK, 5th cent., ed. Venice, 1826.

EGHISHE (ELISAEUS), 5th cent., ed. Venice.

FAUSTUS OF BYZANTIUM, 5th cent., ed. Venice, 1869, also in V. Langlois, Collection des historiens anciens et modernes de l'Armenie, Paris, 1857-9.

MOSES OF CHOREN, 5th cent., History and Geography of Armenia, ed. Venice, 1865.

OHAN MANTAGUNI, 5th cent., ed. Venice.

The ancient Armenian version of the Old Testament is useful for names. We also gather short but valuable notices from Xenophon's Anabasis, Strabo's Geography, and the works of Dio Cassius, Pliny, and Tacitus. Alishan has gathered in his Ancient Faith of Armenia (in Armen.), Venice, 1895, a good deal of very valuable material from edited and unedited works of the medieval writers. The Armenian language itself is one of the richest sources of information, along with the church ritual and scientifically collected folklore. Among the latter we may name Abeghian, Armenischer Volksglaube, Pshrank, Crumbs from the Granaries of Shirak, and parts of Srvantzdian's Manana (see under IV. Literature).

IV. Literature

Besides many articles in ARW, EBr, ERE, Daremberg et Saglio, Pauly-Wissowa, Roscher, and La Grande Encyclopedie, the following works may be noted.

ABEGHIAN, M., Armenischer Volksglaube, Leipzig, 1899.

AHARONIAN, A., Les croyances des anciens Armeniens, Geneva, 1912.

ALISHAN, L., Ancient Faith of the Armenians (Armen.), Venice,1895.

ARAKELIAN, H., La religion ancienne des Armeniens in VKR, p. 291f.

ASLAN, K., Etudes historiques sur le peuple armenien, Paris, 1909.

BALASSANIAN, S., History of Armenia (Armen.), Tiflis, 1896.

BASMAJIAN, G., Critical Study of our Aralez and the Babylonian Marduk, Venice, 1898.
-True History of Armenia, Constantinople, 1914.

CARRIERE, A., Les huit sanctuaires de l'Armenie payenne, Paris, 1899. This influential study is available on another page of this website in English translation, The Eight Sanctuaries of Pagan Armenia.

CASSEL, P., Drachenkampfe, Berlin, 1868.

CHALATIANZ, G., Marchen und Sagen, Leipzig, 1887.

CHANTEPIE DE LA SAUSSAYE, P. D., Lehrbuch der Religions-geschichte, Tubingen, 1905.

[437] CUMONT, F., Die Mysterien des Mithra, Leipzig, 1903.
-Texts et monuments figures relatifs aux mysteres de Mithra, Brussels, 1896-9.

DAGHAVARIAN, N., Ancient Religions of the Armenians (Armen.), in Banasser, 1903.

DAVIS, GLADYS M. N., The Asiatic Dionysos, London, 1914.

DER-MESROBIAN, S., Critical History of Armenia, Venice, 1914.

DOLENS, N., and KHATCH, A., Histoire des anciens Armeniens, Geneva, 1907.

EMIN, M., Recherche sur le paganisme armenien, in Revue de l'Orient, N.S. v. 18.
-Moses of Khoren and the Old Epicss of the Armenians, Tifiis, 1886.

ERMAN, A., Handbook of Egyptian Religion, tr. A. S. Griffith, London, 1907.

FARNELL, L. R., The Cults of the Greek States, Oxford, 1896-1909.

FRAZER, J. G., The Golden Bough, London, 1907-15.

GEIGER, W., and KUHN, E., Grundriss der iranische Philologie, Strassburg, 1895-1904.

GELZER, H., Zur armenische Gotterlehre, in Berichte der Koniglich-Siichsischen Gesellschaft der Wissenchaften, phil. hist. Classe., 1895, pp. 99-148.

GUTSCHMID, A. VON, Kleine Schriften, Leipzig, 1889-94.

HOMMELL, F., Grundriss der Geographie und Geschichte des alten Orients, Munich, 1904.

HUBSCHMANN, H., Armenische Grammatik, Leipzig, 1897.

Hushartzan (A collection of essays by various scholars), Vienna, 1911.

INJIJIAN, L., Armenian Archaeology, Venice, 1835.

JACKSON, A. V. W., Iranische Religion, in Geiger-Kuhn, Grundriss d. iran. Philologie, Vol. ii.

JASTROW, M., Die Religion Babyloniens und Assyriens, Giessen, 1905-12.

JENSEN, P., Hittiter und Armenier, Strassburg, 1898.

KARAKASHIAN, A., Critical History of Armenia (Armen.) Tifiis, 1895.

LAGARDE, P., Armenische Studien, Gottingen, 1887.
-Purim, Gottingen, 1887.

LANGLOIS, V., Collections des historiens anciens et modernes de l'Armenie, Paris, 1867-69.

MACDONELL, A. A., Vedic Mythology, Stuttgart, 1897.

MAEHLY, J., Die Schlange in Mythus und Kultus, Basel, 1867.

MEYER, E., Geschichte des Alterthums, Berlin, 1909.

MOORE, G. F., History of Religions, vol. i, Edinburgh, 1914. [438]MOULTON, J. H., Early Zoroastrianism, London, 1913.

NAZARETIAN, Armenians and Armenian Mythology (Armen.), in BAZMAWEP, 1893-4.

OLDENBERG, H., Die Religion des Veda, Berlin, 1894.

PATON, L. B., Spiritism and the Cult of the Dead in Antiqutty, New York, 1921.

PATRUBANI, Beitriige zur Armenischen Etymologie, Budapest, 1897.

PSHRANK, Crumbs from the Granaries of Shirak, a collection of eastern Armenian folklore.

SAHAG-MESROB, Urartu, Constantinople, 1909.

SANDALGIAN, J., Histoire documentaire de l'Armenie, Paris, 1917.

SARKISSIAN, B., Agathangelos and his Many-centuried Mystery (Armen.), Venice, 1892.

SCHRADER, 0., Arische Religion, Leipzig, 1914.

SEROPIAN, BsHP. M., Armenia and Hayastan, n. d.

SIECKE, E., Drachenkiimpfe, Leipzig, 1907.

SRVANTZDIAN, Manana.

STOCKELBERG, "Iranian Influence on the Religious Beliefs of the Ancient Armenians," in Report of the Imperial Archaeological Society of Moscow, Oriental Comm. (Russian), ii. pt. 2, Moscow, 1901.

TCHIRAZ, M., Notes sur la mythologie armenienne, in TICO, ii., London,1893.

TISDALL, W. ST. CLAIR, The Conversion of Armenia to the Christian Faith, Oxford, 1897.

UNGUAD, A., Das Gilgemesch-Epos, Gottingen, 1911.

WEBER, S., Die Katholische Kirche in Armenien, Freiberg, 1903.

WINDISCHMANN, F., Die persische Anahita oder Anaitis, in Abhandlungen der Konig. Bayr. Akadamie der Wissenchaften, i. Classe, viii. pt. 1, Munich, 1856.

V.

A large number of works on Folklore have been used, among which the following may be named.

ABBOTT, G. F., Maccdonian Folk-Lore, Cambridge, 1907.

CONWAY, M. D., Demonology and Devil Lore, New York, 1879.

CROOKE, W., The Popular Religion and Folklore of Northern India, London,1897.

HARTLAND, E. SYDNEY, The Legend of Perseus, London, 1896.

KIRK, REv. R., The Secret Commonwealth of Elves, Fauns, and Fairies, ed. A Lang, London, 1893. [439] LANE, E. W., An Account of the Manners and Customs of the Modern Egyptians.
-Arabian Society in the Middle Ages, ed. S. Lane Poole, London, 1883.

RALSTON, W. R. S., Russian Folk-tales, London, 1873.

RHYS, SIR JOHN, Celtic Folk-lore, Oxford, 1891.

WENTZ, W. Y. E., The Fairy Faith in Celtic Countries, Oxford, 1911.

WUNDT, W. M., Elemente der Volkerpsychologie, Leipzig, 1913.

Also the following articles:

"Dragon", in Daremberg-Saglio.
"Phrygians," in ERE ix.
"Serpent," in New Schaff-Herzog Encyclopedia of Religious Knowledge.
"Serpent Worship," in EBr.

VI. Principal Articles Connected with Armenian Mythology in the Encyclopedia of Religion and Ethics (Vols. I-XII)

ANAN1KIAN, M., "Armenia (Zoroastrian)," i. 794-802.

CARNOY, A. J., "Magic (Iranian)," viii. 293-6.

CASARTELLI, L. C., "Charms and Amulets (Iranian)," iii. 448.
-"Dualism (Iranian)," V. I 11-2.

CRAWLEY, A. E., "Fire and Fire-Gods," vi. 26-30.

CUMONT, F., "Anahita," i. 414-5.
--"Art (Mithraic)," i. 872-4.
--"Architecture (Mithraic)," i. 744-5.

EDWARDS, E., "Altar (Persian)," i. 346-8. --"God (Iranian)," vi. 290-4.
--"Priest, Priesthood (Iranian)," x. 319-22.

GRAY, L. H., "Achaemenians," i. 69-73.
--"Barsom," ii. 424-5.
--"Blest, Abode of the (Persian)," ii. 702-4.
--"Cosmogony and Cosmology (Iranian)," iv. 161-2.
--"Fate (Iranian)," v. 792-3.
--"Festivals and Fasts (Iranian)," v. 872-5.
--"Fortune (Iranian)," vi. 96.
--"Heroes and Hero-Gods (Iranian)," vi. 661-2.
--"Life and Death (Iranian)," viii. 37.
--"Light and Darkness (Iranian)," viii. 61-2. [440] JACKSON, A. V. W., "Ahriman," i. 237-8.
--"Amesha Spentas," i. 384-5.
--"Architecture (Persian)," i. 760-4.
--"Art (Persian)," i. 881-4.
--"Ashmounds," ii. 114-5.
--" Avesta," ii. 266-72.
--"Demons and Spirits (Persian)," iv. 619-20.

JONES, H. S., "Mithraism," viii. 752-9.

LEHMANN, E., "Ancestor Worship and Cult of the Dead (Iranian)," i. 454-5.

MACCULLOCH, J. A., "Branches and Twigs," ii. 831-3.
--"Changeling," iii. 358-63.
--"Fairy," v. 678-89.
--"Serpent," xi. 399-411.

MACLER, F., "Armenia (Christian)," i. 802-7
--"Calendar (Armenian)," iii. 70-3.

MILLS L. H., "Ahuna-Vairya," i. 238-9.
--"Barsom," ii. 424-5.
--"Behistun," ii. 450-4.

MODI, J. J., "Birth (Parsi)," ii. 660-2.

MOULTON, J. H., "Iranians," vii. 418-20.

PATON, L. B., "Ashtart," ii. 115-8.
--"Ishtar," vii. 428-34.

RAMSAY, W.M., "Phryglans," ix .900-11.

SAYCE, A. H., "Armenia (Vannic)," i. 793-4.
--"Median Religion," viii. 514-5.