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1 H. A. R. Gibb, ed., Introduction to The Damascus Chronicle of the Crusades (London: Luzac, 1967), 14-32, in H. A. R. Gibb, Saladin: Studies in Islamic History, ed. Yusuf Ibish (Beirut: The Arab Institute for Research and Publishing, 1974), 30-44.
2 The Anonymous Edessan, 60 of the Syriac text, 73 of the English translation, 79 of the Arabic translation.
3 Albert of Aachen, Historia Hierosolymitana, R. H. C. Occ., 4 (Paris: Imprimerie Nationale, 1867), 607; Al-Qadi Baha al-Din Ibn Shaddad, al-Nawadir al-Sultaniyya wa al-Mahasin al-Yusufiyya, R. H. C. Or., 3 (Paris: Imprimerie Nationale, 1884), 243.
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4 Benjamin Z. Kedar, The Franks in the Levant, 11th to 14th Centuries (Aldershot: Variorum, 1993), 135-136 and Jean Richard, The Crusades 1071-1291 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996), 100-108.
5 For a comprehensive treatment of this subject, see Kedar, The Franks in the Levant, 135-174; Kedar, Crusade and Mission: European Approach toward the Muslims (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1984), 42-57; Joshua Prawer, The Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem: European Colonisation in the Middle Ages (London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1972), 47-52; Hans Eberhard Mayer, "Latins, Muslims and Greeks in the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem," London, 1983), 175-192.
6 Claude Cahen, La Syrie du Nord a I'epoque des croisades et la principauté franque d'Antioche (Paris: P. Geuthner, 1940), 41-42; Kedar, The Franks, 137.
7 Diya al-Din Abd al-Wahid al-Maqdisi, Sabab Hijrat al-Maqadisa ila Dimashq, in M. A. Dahman, ed., Shams al-Din Muhammad ibn Ali Ibn Tulun, al-Qala'id al-Jawhariyya fi Tarikh al-Salibiyya, 1 (Damascus, 1980), 68; Daniella Talmon-Heller, "Arabic Sources on Muslim Villagers under Frankish Rule," in From Clermont to Jerusalem: The Crusades and Crusader Societies 1095-1500, Alan V. Murray, ed., (Turnhout: Brepols, 1998), 103-117; Kedar, The Franks, 138; Richards, The Crusades 1071-1297,100-108.
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8 Chronique D 'Ernoul et de Bernard le Trésorier, M. L. De Mas Latrie, ed. (Paris: M. V.Jules Renouard, 1871), 28-29.
9 Rihlat Ibn Jubayr (Beirut: Dar Sadir, 1964), 274-275, reproduced in R. H. C. Or., 3: 448-449, and trans. R. J. C. Broadhurst as The Travels of Ibn Jubayr (London: Jonathan Cape, 1952), 316-317; Mayer, "Latins, Muslims and Greeks," 181.
10 Al-Maqdisi, in Shams al-Din Muhammad ibn Ali Ibn Tulun, al-Qala'id al-Jawhariyya fi Traikh al-Salibiyya 1 (Damascus, 1980), 68; Kedar, The Franks, 138, n. 10. Cf. Hadia Dajani-Shakeel, "Some Aspects of Muslim-Frankish Christian
[Page 480]
Relations in the Sham Region in the Twelfth Century," in Christian-Muslim Encounters, Yvonne-Yazbeck Haddad and Wadi Zaidain Haddad, eds. (Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 1995): 194-197.
11 J. Prawer, "The Settlement of the Latins in Jerusalem," Speculum 27 (1952): 496-497.
12 Michael Rabo, Makthabanuth Zabne, Translated by Gregorius Saliba Shamoun as Tarikh Mar Mikha'il al-Suryani al-Kabir (Damascus: Sidawi Printing House, 1996), 588, 590; edited by J.B. Chabot as Chronique de Michel le Syrien, Patriarche Jacobite d'Antioche, 1166-1199 (Paris: n.p., 1899-1910), 185, 191; J. W. Thompson, Economic and Social History of the Middle Ages, 300-1300 (New York: Frederick Ungar, 1959), 1: 406.
13 Michael Rabo, Makthabanuth Zabne, 606-607 (French, 221-222).
14 Michael Rabo, Makthabanuth Zabne, 590 (French, 190-191), gives the name of only one of these Latin bishops, Brikha (Benedict) of Edessa.
15 William of Tyre, A History of Deeds Done Beyond the Sea, trans. Emily Atwater Babcock and A.C. Krey, 1 (New York: Columbia University Press, 1943), 1: 458-459.
16 Jacques De Vitry, The History of Jerusalem AD 1180 (London: Palestine Pilgrims' Text Society, 1896), 79-80.
17 For a thorough analysis of the Maronites and their adherence to the Church of Rome, see Matti Moosa, The Maronites in History (Syracuse: Syracuse University Press, 1986, reprinted Gorgias Press, 2005.).
18 Matthew of Edessa, Armenia and the Crusades, Tenth to Twelfth Centuries: The Chronicle of Matthew of Edessa, trans. A. E. Dostourian (Lanham, MD: University Press of America, 1993), 179.
19 William of Tyre, History, 1: 517.
20 Matthew of Edessa, Armenia, 221-222.
21 R. Grousset, L'Empire du Levant d'Orient Historie de la Question (Paris, 1964), 298.
22 Albert of Aachen, Liber Christianae, 648; William of Tyre, History, 1: 450, 522; N. Iorga, L'Armenie Ciliciénne (Paris: J. Gamber, 1930), 93; Harold S. Fink, "The Foundation of the Latin States, 1099-1118," in A History of the Crusades: The First Hundred Years, M. W. Baldwin, ed. (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1969), 1: 392; Grousset, Histoire des Croisades et du Rayaume Franc de Jérusalem, 1 (Paris: Librairie Jules Tallander, 1935): 438, and 2: 868; Cahen, La Syrie, 230.
23 Michael Rabo, Makthabanuth Zabne, 593 (French, 197).
24 Ordericus Vitalis, The Ecclesiastical History of England and Normandy, trans. Thomas Forester, 3 (New York: AMS Press, 1968), 289; also trans. Marjorie Chibnall, The Ecclesiastical History of Orderic Vitalis, 5 (Oxford: The Clarendon Press, 1996), 325.
25 William of Tyre, History, 1: 450; Robert Lawrence Nicholson, Joscelyn I, Prince of Edessa (Urbana: The University of Illinois Press, 1954), 5.
26 William of Tyre, History, 1: 451.
27 The Anonymous Edessan, 64 (English, 76; Arabic, 84).
28 The Anonymous Edessan, 65 (English, 76; Arabic, 85); Matthew of Edessa, Armenia, 177-178, mentions the agreement but says nothing about its terms.
29 Matthew of Edessa, Armenia 178; Abu Ya'la Hamza Ibn al-Qalanisi, Dhayl Tarikh Dimashq, ed. H. F. Amedroz (Beirut: Matba'at al-Ad al-Yasu'iyyin, 1908), 138; Izz al-Din Ibn al-Athir, al-Kamil fi al-Tarikh, Recueil des historians des Croisades 1 (Paris: Imprimerie Nationale, 1872), 208; Aliyya Abd al-Sami' al-Janzuri, Imarat al-Ruba al-Salibiyya (Cairo, 1975), 90-92.
30 The Anonymous Edessan, 66 (English, 77; Arabic, 86).
31 Matthew of Edessa, Armenia, 192.
32 Athir, al-Kamil, 1: 217-218.
33 The Anonymous Edessan, 67 (English, 78; Arabic, 86-87).
34 Athir, al-Kamil, 1: 218-219.
35 Athir, al-Kamil, 1: 208-210.
36 Fulcher of Chartres, 135, esp. n. 4.
37 The Anonymous Edessan, 61, 63 (English, 74; Arabic, 81).
38 Fulcher of Chartres, Fulcheri Carnotenis historia Hierosolymitana (1095-1127) mit Erläuterungen und einem Anhange, ed. Heinrich Hagenmeyer (Heidelberg: Carl Winters Universitätsbuchhandlung, 1913), trans. Frances Rita Ryan as A History of the Expedition to Jerusalem 1095-1127 (Knoxville: The University of Tennessee Press, 1969), 135; Albert of Aachen, Liber Christianae, 524; Michael Rabo, Makthabanuth Zabne, 589 (French, 188).
39 Matthew of Edessa, Armenia, 176-177; Gregorius Bar Hebraeus, The Chronography of Bar Hebraeus, E. W. Budge, trans. (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1932), 82-83 (English, 236-237); The Anonymous Edessan, 61-62 (English, 74; Arabic, 80-81); William of Tyre, History, 1: 411; Ralph Bailey Yewdale, Bohemond I, Prince of Antioch (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1924), 92-93; Steven Runciman, A History of the Crusades (New York: Harper Torchbooks, 1964), 1: 320-321; E. Honigmann, "Malatya," in C. E. Bosworth et al., eds., The Encyclopedia of Islam, 6 (Leiden: EJ. Brill, 1991): 230-231.
40 The Anonymous Edessan, 75, n. 3 of the English translation, gives the date as 1103.
41 Bar Hebraeus, Chronography, 83 (English, 237), presents these events in almost exactly the same words as Michael Rabo, Makthabanuth Zabne, 590 (French, 188).
42 Matthew of Edessa, Armenia, 177.
43 Albert of Aachen, Liber Christianae, 563-564; James Lea Cate, "The Crusade of 1101," in M. W. Baldwin, ed., A History of the Crusades, 1: 354; James A. Brund-age, "An Errant Crusader: Stephen of Blois," Traditio, 16 (1960): 391-392.
44 Athir, al-Kamil, 1: 203. Albert of Aachen, Liber Christianae, 559, puts the number at 200,000, still an exaggeration. Runciman, A History of the Crusades, 2: 19, says the figure should be divided by at least ten.
45 Ordericus Vitalis, trans. Forester, 3: 307-308, and trans. Chibnall, 5: 355-357. Albert of Aachen, Liber Christianae, 610, says Alexius offered Ibn Danishmend 260,000 bezants for Bohemond.
46 Albert of Aachen, Liber Christianae, 611-613; Yewdale, Bohemond I, 96; William of Tyre, History, 1: 451, n. 49.
47 Matthew of Edessa, Armenia, 192, adds that Ibn Danishmend gave Richard of the Principate, Bohemond's sister's son, to the Emperor Alexius in return for a great sum of money. Ter-Gregorian (Galust) Iskenderian, Die Kreuzfahrer und Beziehungen zu den armenischen Nachbarfürsten bis zum Untergange der Grafschaft Edessa (Weida, i. Th.: Druck von Thomas und Hubert, 1915), 63, follows Matthew's account.
48 The Anonymous Edessan, 61-62 (English, 74; Arabic, 81).
49 The Anonymous Edessan, 78 (English, 85; Arabic, 99), says Roger married the sister of Baldwin of Le Bourg.
50 Ordericus Vitalis, trans. Forester, 3: 309-322, trans. Chibnall, 5: 359-379. For more on this legend see F. M. Warren, "The Enamoured Moslim Princess in Ordericus Vitalis and the French Epic," PMLA 29 (1914): 341-358. Roger was killed along with 7,000 of his fellow Christians on June 27-28, 1119, by the forces of Il-Ghazi, the Artukid governor of Mardin (1117-1122), at al-Balat, between two mountains near Darb Sarmada, to the north of al-Atahrib (Zaranda). The massacre came to be known as ager sanguinis (The Field of Blood). See Matthew of Edessa, Armenia, 224; William of Tyre, History, 1: 530-531; Michael Rabo, Makthabanuth Zabne, 699 (French, 204-205); The Anonymous Edessan, 82 (English, 88; Arabic, 104); Runciman, A History of the Crusades, 2: 150; Robert L. Nicholson, "The Growth of the Latin States, 1118-1144," M. W. Baldwin, ed., A History of the Crusades, 1: 413; R. C. Smail, Crusading Warfare 1097-1193 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1972), 179.
51 William of Tyre, History, 1: 457.
52 Athir, al-Kamil, 1:221.
53 Fulcher of Chartres, Historia, 178; Matthew of Edessa, Armenia, 193; Albert of Aachen, Liber Christianae, 614-615; Ralph of Caen, Gesta Tancredi Siciliaee Regis, R H. C. Occ. 3 (Paris: Farnborough, Hants, Gregg, 1866), 710; William of Tyre, History, 1: 456; Grousset, Histoire des Croisades, 1: 403-404; Nicholson, Joscelyn I, 7; Janzuri, Imarat, 94-95; Sa'id Abd al-Fattah Ashur, al-Haraka al-Salibiyya, 1 (Cako: Maktabat al-Anglo-al-Misriyya, 1963), 443.
54 Matthew of Edessa, Armenia, 19; Albert of Aachen, Liber Christianae, 614.
55 Qalanisi, Dhayl Tarikh Dimashq, 143, also in H. A. R. Gibb, The Damascus Chronicle, 60; Athir, al-Kamil, 1: 221; Albert of Aachen, Liber Christianae, 614; Ralph of Caen, Gesta Tancredi, 710; Bernhard Kugler, Albert von Aachen (Stuttgart, 1885), 337;
Charles Oman, A History of the Art of War in the Middle Ages, A.D. 378-1278, 1 (New York: Burt Franklin, 1924), 320-324; Fink, "The Foundation," 389; Andre Beaumont, "Albert of Aachen and the County of Edessa," in The Crusades and Other Historical Essays, L. J. Paetow, ed. (New York: F. S. Crofts, 1928), 127; Nicholson, Joscelyn I,1, esp. n. 8, offers critical remarks.
56 Michael Rabo, Makthabanuth Zabne, 593 (French, 195).
57 William of Tyre, History, 1: 458.
58 Fulcher of Chartres, Historia, 178; Albert of Aachen, Liber Christianae, 614-616; Ralph of Caen, Gesta Tancredi, 710; Matthew of Edessa, Armenia, 193; William of Tyre, History, 1:458-459; Qalanisi, Dhayl Tarikh Dimashq, 143, and trans. Gibb, 60; Athir, al-Kamil, 1: 220-223; Badawi Abd al-Latif Awad, ed., Tarikh al-fariqi, 274; Michael Rabo, Makthabanuth Zabne, 593 (French, 195); The Anonymous Edessan, 70 (English, 80; Arabic, 90-91); Runciman, A History of the Crusades, 2: 43;
Nicholson, Tancred, 141-144; Nicholson, Joscelyn I, 8-11.
59 Michael Rabo, Makthabanuth Zabne, 593 of the Syriac text, 195 of the French translation.
60 Nicholson, Joscelyn I, 141, n. 51, gives the best estimate of losses and summarizes the accounts of the different sources.
61 Matthew of Edessa, Armenia, 193.
62 William of Tyre, History, 1: 459.
63 Qalanisi, Dhayl Tarikh Dimashq, 143, and trans. Gibb, 61.
64 Runciman, A History of the Crusades, 2: 44; Fink, "The Foundation," 389.
65 A.A. Vasiliev, History of the Byzantine Empire, 2 (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1954), 410.
66 Albert of Aachen, Liber Christianae, 616; Ralph of Caen, Gesta Tancredi, 712; William of Tyre, History, 1: 459; Grousset, Histoire, 1: 407; Runciman, A History of the Crusades, 2: 43.
67 Albert of Aachen, Liber Christianae, 61, gives Tancred's message to Bohemond; Janzuri, Imarat, 380-381, gives an Arabic translation of the letter; Grousset, Histoire, 1: 408.
68 Ibn al-Adim, Zubdat al-Halab min Tarikh Halab, Sami al-Dahhan, ed. (Beirut: al-Matba'a al-Catholikiyya, 1954), 2: 148-149; Yewdale, Bohemond I, 100-101; Runciman, A History of the Crusades, 2: 45; Ashur, al-Haraka, 1: 404-405.
69 Anna Comnena, The Alexiad, trans. Elizabeth A. Dawes (London: Rutledge & Kegan Paul, 1967), 296-297; Yewdale, Bohemond 1, 101.
70 Anna Comnena, Alexiad, 297; Ralph of Caen, Gesta Tancredi, 712; Yewdale, Bohemond I, 192; W. B. Stevenson, The Crusaders in the East (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1907), 78-79; Grousset, Histoire, 1: 414.
71 Ralph of Caen, Gesta Tancredi, 712-713.
72 Frances Rita Ryan, ed., Fulcher of Chartres, Historia, 192, n. 1; Yewdale, Bohemond I, 106.
73 Fulcher of Chartres, Historia, 181; William of Tyre, History, 1: 472; Ordericus Vitalis, trans. Forester, 3: 365-367.
74 Matthew of Edessa, Armenia, 194.
75 Matthew of Edessa, Armenia, 194.
76 Fulcher of Chartres, Historia, 193, and William of Tyre, History, 1: 471-472, mention the treaty but say little about it. For details of the agreement see Anna Comnena, Alexiad, 350-357; Yewdale, Bohemond I, 127-129; Vasiliev, History, 2: 411.
77 William of Tyre, History, 1: 472. Matthew of Edessa, Armenia, 194, says Bohemond died in his native land without being able to return to the East.
78 Albert of Aachen, Liber Christianae, 616.
79 Michael Rabo, Makthabanuth Zabne, 593 (French, 195); The Anonymous Edessan, 70 (English, 80; Arabic, 90-91); Matthew of Edessa, Armenia, 197; Albert of Aachen, Liber Christianae, 616; Fink, "The Foundation," 393.
80 Qalanisi, Dhayl Tarikh Dimashq, 148, and trans. Gibb, 69; Adim, Zubdat, 2: 150.
81 Matthew of Edessa, Armenia, 197-198; Stevenson, The Crusaders, 83, follows Matthew of Edessa.
82 Michael Rabo, Makthabanuth Zabne, 594 (French, 195); The Anonymous Edessan, 71-72 (English, 80-82; Arabic, 91-93), gives substantially the same account.
83 Athir, al-Kamil, 1: 260-261.
84 Bar Hebraeus, Chronography, 84-85 (English, 242); Fink, "The Foundation," 393. Matthew of Edessa, Armenia, 201, says Joscelin ransomed Baldwin by paying Chavli 30,000 dahekans.
85 Michael Rabo, Makthabanuth Zabne, 593-594 (French, 195). The Anonymous Edessan, 71-72 (English, 80-81; Arabic, 91-93), differs only slightly; see Janzuri, Imarat, 104-107.
86 Reinhold Röhricht, Geschichte des Königreichs Jerusalem 1100-1292 (Innsbruck, 1898), 51.
87 The Anonymous Edessan, 69-70 (English, 80; Arabic, 91). Nicholson suggests that Joscelin may have acted the same as Tancred and Bohemond. I cannot agree, because Joscelin did everything in his power to have Baldwin of Le Bourg released; Nicholson, Joscelyn I, 13.
88 Athir, al-Kamil, 1: 262-263; Bar Hebraeus, Chronography, 84-85 (English, 242).
89 William of Tyre, History, 2: 34-35.
90 Ibn al-Athir, al-Kamil, 1: 262-263; Runciman, A History of The Crusades, 2: 112.
91 The Anonymous Edessan, 73 (English, 82; Arabic, 93), says that Joscelin asked the lord of Mosul (Chavli) for help.
92 Ibn al-Athir al-Kamil, 1: 262.
93 Matthew of Edessa, Armenia, 201, appears to object because two Christian leaders sought the help of a Muslim against another Christian leader.
94 Matthew of Edessa, Armenia, 201; Albert of Aachen, Liber Christianae, 649; Runciman, A History of The Crusades, 2: 112-114; Nicholson, Joscelyn I, 19-22.
95 Adim, Zubdat, 2: 153.
96 Matthew of Edessa, Armenia, 201-202.
97 Bernhard Kugler, Boemund und Tankred Fürsten von Antiochien (Tübingen, 1862), 39-40; Grousset, Histoire, 1: 443.
98 Bar Hebraeus, Tarikh Mukhtasar al-Duwal, ed. Rev. Anton Salihani (Beirut: al-Matba'a al-Catholikiyya, 1958), 199; Awad, Tarikh al-Fariqi, 275.
99 The Anonymous Edessan, 75-79 (English, 83-85; Arabic, 95-98).
100 Matthew of Edessa, Armenia, 203-204.
101 Qalanisi, Dhayl Tarikh Dimashq, 169; Adim, Zubdat, 2: 154; The Anonymous Edessan, 75-79 (English, 83-85; Arabic, 95-98). Ferdinand Chalandon, Essai sur le Règne d'Alexis I, 1081-1118 (Paris: A. Picard, 1900), 251, calls Sukman "Kokman." Nicholson, Joscelyn I, 35-43, gives a full account of these campaigns.
102 Matthew of Edessa, Armenia, 204.
103 Albert of Aachen, Liber Christianae, 672; Matthew of Edessa, Armenia, 204; Qalanisi, Dhayl Tarikh Dimashq, 169; The Anonymous Edessan, 74 (English, 82; Arabic, 94).
104 Albert of Aachen, Liber Christianae, 670.
105 Fulcher of Chartres, Historia, 201.
106 The Anonymous Edessan, 73-74 (English, 82; Arabic, 94).
107 Matthew of Edessa, Armenia, 205; Stevenson, The Crusaders, 88.
108 Qalanisi, Dhayl Tarikh Dimashq, 169, and trans. Gibb, 102; Adim, Zubdat, 2: 154.
109 Qalanisi, Dhayl Tarikh Dimashq, 169; Matthew of Edessa, Armenia, 205.
110 Matthew of Edessa, Armenia, 205-206; The Anonymous Edessan, 74-75 (English, 83; Arabic, 95), says that through the instrumentality of Satan, a Frank who had a grudge against his lord told Mawdud that the Franks were in full flight, faint from hunger, and weakened by fatigue, and if he pursued them, he would inflict great losses on them.
111 Albert of Aachen, Liber Christianae, 675.
112 Qalanisi, Dhayl Tarikh Dimashq, 173, uses the phrase mutamallik al-Rum, i.e., the one who rules over the Rum (Byzantines); Chalandon, Essai, 252. Gibb, The Damascus Chronicle, 112, n. 1, translates it as "tyrant," saying mutamallik means "would-be king" or "self-proclaimed king". In fact, it means "the person who rules," and carries the same connotation as malik (king). Runciman, A History of The Crusades, 2: 121, n. 1, is clearly incorrect in translating the term as "usurper." It is doubtful that Ibn al-Qalanisi used it in a derogatory sense.
113 Qalanisi, Dhayl Tarikh Dimashq, 173-174; Gibb, The Damascus Chronicle, 112-113.
114 Athir, al-Kamil, 1: 280.
115 Qalanisi, Dhayl Tarikh Dimashq, 173; Athir, al-Kamil, 1: 279-280. Some sources confuse this expedition with one the previous year. The campaigns of 1110 and 1111 may rightly be taken together as Mawdud's first expedition against Edessa. See Ashur, al-Harka, I: 316-317, and Janzuri, Imarat, 143-144.
116 Matthew of Edessa, Armenia, 207; Athir, al-Kamil, 1: 280-281; Adim, Zubdat, 2: 158-159; Grousset, Histoire, 1: 463.
117Albert of Aachen, Liber Christianae, 681; Adim, Zubdat, 2: 159.
118 Albert of Aachen, Liber Christianae, 682; Athir, al-Kamil, 1: 281-282. Bar Hebraeus, Chronography, 84 (English, 244), says Ridwan shut the gates of Aleppo in Mawdud's face.
119 Adim, Zubdat, 2: 159; Ashur, al-Haraka, 1: 462-463.
120 Athir, al-Kamil, 1: 282; Ibn al-Athir, al-Tarikh al-Bahir fi al-Dawla al-Atabegiyya, ed. Abd al-Qadir Ahmad Tulaymat (Cairo: Dar al-Kutub al-Haditha, 1963), 17-18; Bar Hebraeus, Chronography, 84 (English, 244).
121 Matthew of Edessa, Armenia, 211.
122 Albert of Aachen, Liber Christianae, 665-666.
123 For an extensive account of these events see R. L. Nicholson, Tancred: A Study of His Career and Work in their Relation to the First Crusade and the Establishment of the Latin States in Syria and Palestine (New York: AMS Press, 1978), 180-190.
124 Athir, al-Kamil, 1:274.
125 Athir al-Kamil, 1: 278; Adim, Zubdat, 2: 155-157.
126 Adim, Zubdat, 2: 163.
127 Matthew of Edessa, Armenia, 211; Stevenson, The Crusaders, 97; Nicholson, Tancred, 223.
128 Matthew of Edessa, Armenia, 209-211; Qalanisi, Dhayl Tarikh Dimashq, 181, and trans. Gibb, 126.
129 Athir, al-Kamil 1:210.
130 Michael Rabo, Makthabanuth Zabne, 594-595 (French, 196); Grousset, Histoire, 1: 473, and 2: 873-874.
131 The Anonymous Edessan, 75-79 (English, 83-85; Arabic, 95-98).
132 Matthew of Edessa, Armenia, 212-213; Grousset, Histoire des Croisades , 1: 491, and L'Empire du Levant, 299. See Nicholson, Joscelyn I, 45-51.
133 Athir, al-Kamil, 1: 288-290. The Anonymous Edessan, 77 (English, 85; Arabic, 98) and Bar Hebraeus, Chronography, 86 (English, 245) make little mention of this campaign.
134 Qalanisi, Dhayl Tarikh Dimashq, 187; Athir, al-Kamil, 1: 290, and al-Tarikh al-Bahir, 4-8, 19; Albert of Aachen, Liber Christianae, 700; The Anonymous Edessan, 77-78 (English, 85; Arabic, 98).
135 Athir, al-Tarikh al-Bahir, 19.
136 Athir, al-Kamil fi al-Tarikh, 1: 292-293.
137 Matthew of Edessa, Armenia, 211; Michael Rabo, Makthabanuth Zabne, 594-595 (French, 198-199), wrongly gives the name of the widow as "Kogh Bakis",
who was actually the boy Dgha Vasil's wet nurse, not his mother. A man named Kourtig was the boy's guardian.
138 Athir, al-Kamil, 1: 293, gives the date of Kogh Vasil's death as 1114 (not 1112) and does not mention Dgha Vasil.
139 Matthew of Edessa, Armenia, 219-220.
140 Michael Rabo, Makthabanuth Zabne, 595 (French, 199); Bar Hebraeus, Chronography, (English) 246-247.
141 Matthew of Edessa, Armenia, 220.
142 The Anonymous Edessan, 80 (English, 86; Arabic, 101).
143 Matthew of Edessa, Armenia, 220. Michael Rabo, Makthabanuth Zabne, 595 (French, 200), says a violent earthquake took place and many houses in Samosata collapsed. Constantine and many others perished in the ruins. See Bar Hebraeus, Chronography, (English) 247.
144 Matthew of Edessa, Armenia, 221.
145 Fulcher of Chartres, Historia, 225; Matthew of Edessa, Armenia, 221; Athir, al-Kamil, 1: 314; The Anonymous Edessan, 80 (English, 86; Arabic, 101); Fink, "The Foundation," 405.
146 The Anonymous Edessan, 80, 83 (English, 86, 88; Arabic, 101, 105); Matthew of Edessa, Armenia, 225; Nicholson, Joscelyn I, 52; Ashur, al-Haraka, 1: 474.
147 Matthew of Edessa, Armenia, 225.
148 William of Tyre, History, 2: 141.
149 On Joscelin's wars with the Artukids, see Nicholson, Joscelyn I, 52-61.
150 William of Tyre, History, 2: 52; The Anonymous Edessan, 108 (English, 275; Arabic, 133).
151 Michael Rabo, Makthabanuth Zabne, 600 (French, 210); Bar Hebraeus, Chronography, 87-88 (English, 250). The Anonymous Edessan, 86-87 (English, 90-91; Arabic, 109-110), says Joscelin married Roger's daughter, not her sister. See Nicholson, Joscelyn I, 62, n. 351.
152 Qalanisi, Dhayl Tarikh Dimashq, 208, and trans. Gibb, 166.
153 The Anonymous Edessan, 86-87 (English, 90-91; Arabic, 109-110); Nicholson, Joscelyn I, 63, and "The Growth of the Latin States," in Baldwin, ed., A History of the Crusades, 1: 418.
154 Matthew of Edessa, Armenia, 228-229.
155 The Anonymous Edessan, 89 (English, 91; Arabic, 112).
156 Athir, al-Kamil, 1:344.
157 Adim, Zubdat, 2: 206.
158 Matthew of Edessa, Armenia, 229-230; The Anonymous Edessan, 88 (English, 91; Arabic, 111); Grousset, Histoire, 2: 875.
159 Michael Rabo, Makthabanuth Zabne, 600 (French, 210-211); Bar Hebraeus, Chronography, 88 (English, 251).
160 Bar Hebraeus, Chronography, 88 (English, 251), says Hisn Ziyad and Khartabart designate the same place.
161 Qalanisi, Dhayl Tarikh Dimashq, 209, and trans. Gibb, 167; Adim, Zubdat, 2: 211. I have generally followed The Anonymous Edessan, 88-89 (English, 91-92; Arabic, 111-112). Slightly different accounts are given by Fulcher of Chartres, Historia, 239-240; Matthew of Edessa, Armenia, 229; Michael Rabo, Makthabanuth Zabne, 603 (French, 211); and William of Tyre, History, 1: 540-541. Athir, al-Kamil, 1: 352-353, says King Baldwin fought Belek not to save Joscelin, but to curb the influence of Belek, who had besieged the fortress of Gargar near Khartabart. See Grousset, Histoire, 1: 587; Runciman, A History of the Crusades, 2: 162; Nicholson, Joscelyn I, 65; Ashur, al-Haraka, 1: 513; Janzuri, Imarat, 121.
162 William of Tyre, History, 1: 547.
163 The Anonymous Edessan, 89 (English, 92; Arabic, 112).
164 Fulcher of Chartres, Historia, 247; William of Tyre, History, 1: 541; Michael Rabo, Makthabanuth Zabne, 600 (French, 210-211); The Anonymous Edessan, 89 (English, 92; Arabic, 112); Athir, al-Kamil, 1: 353; Adim, Zubdat, 2: 213.
165 William of Tyre, History, I: 544; Matthew of Edessa, Armenia, 230; The Anonymous Edessan, 92 (English, 93; Arabic, 115-116); Adim, Zubdat, 2: 213.
166 Adim, Zubdat, 2: 217.
167 The Anonymous Edessan, 93 (English, 94; Arabic, 116)
168 Adim, Zubdat, 2: 214-215.
169 Sibt ibn al-Ajami, Kunuz al-Dhahab, 1: 191, quoted in Janzuri, Imarat, 172, n. 142.
170 Adim, Zubdat, 1: 214-215.
171 The Anonymous Edessan, 93 (English, 94; Arabic, 116-117).
172 Adim, Zubdat, 2: 216-217.
173 Matthew of Edessa, Armenia, 232; The Anonymous Edessan, 93-94 (English, 94; Arabic, 117).
174 Adim, Zubdat, 2: 219. Athir, al-Kamil, 1: 335, says no one knows whose arrow killed Belek.
175 Fulcher of Chartres, Historia, 262-263; William of Tyre, History, 2: 16.
176 Adim, Zubdat, 2: 220. Athir, al-Kamil, 1: 356, says that Timurtash loved a life of ease and quiet, and to escape the constant state of warfare with the Franks in Syria he had settled in Mardin in 1122. See Michael Rabo, Makthabanuth Zabne, 603 (French, 218).
177 Matthew of Edessa, Armenia, 232-233; Nicholson, Joscelyn I, 65-72.
178 Bar Hebraeus, Chronography, 88 (English, 251); Michael Rabo, Makthabanuth Zabne, 603 (French, 211).
179 Fulcher of Chartres, Historia, 275.
180 Adim, Zubdat, 2: 221-222. See Usama ibn Munqidh, Kitab al-I'tibar, trans. Philip Hitti as An Arab-Syrian Gentleman and Warrior in the Period of the Crusades (New York: Columbia University Press, 1929), 150.
181 Usama ibn Munqidh, An Arab-Syrian Gentleman, 133. Adim, Zubdat, 2: 222, says the twelve hostages included Baldwin's daughter, Joscelin's son, and other Franks (who may have been knights, as Usama says), but does not mention Armenian knights as being among them.
182 Michael Rabo, Makthabanuth Zabne, 607 (French, 211), errs in saying that Dubays revolted in the time of al-Mustazhri, father of al-Mustarshid. Bar Hebraeus, Chronography, 88 (English, 252), corrects this mistake.
183 Fulcher of Chartres, Historia, 275; William of Tyre, History, 2: 21.
184 Adim, Zubdat, 2: 222-223.
185 Athir, al-Kamil, 1: 360, 394.
186 Adim, Zubdat, 2: 223; Matthew of Edessa, Armenia, 234, says Dubays and the Franks made an alliance but gives no details. Nicholson, Joscelyn I, 72, and "The Growth of the Latin States," 1: 423-424, argues incorrectly that Baldwin broke his
agreement with Timurtash, and he and Joscelin then negotiated with Dubays.
187 Adim, Zubdat, 2: 223-224.
188 Qalanisi, Dhayl Tarikh Dimashq, 212, and trans. Gibb, 172-173; Athir, al-Kamil, 1: 360-361, and al-Tarikh al-Bahir, 25; Adim, Zubdat, 2: 223.
189 Athir, al-Kamil, 1: 360-361.
190 Fulcher of Chartres, Historia, 274-275.
191 The Anonymous Edessan, 97-98 (English, 96-97, Arabic 121-122). Matthew of Edessa, Armenia, 234, and Michael Rabo, Makthabanuth Zabne, 607 (French, p. 221), mention this event only briefly.
192 Adim, Zubdat, 2: 224-225.
193 Athir, al-Tarikh al-Bahir, 24.
194 Adim, Zubdat, 2: 230-231; Runciman, A History of The Crusades, 2: 173.
195 Fulcher of Chartres, Historia, 278-279, calls Azaz "Hasar".
196 Matthew of Edessa, Armenia, 234-235; Adim, Zubdat, 2: 231.
197 The Anonymous Edessan, 100-101 (English, 98; Arabic, 125); Athir, al-Kamil, 1: 362-363.
198 Adim, Zubdat, 2: 231; William of Tyre, History, 2: 25.
199 William of Tyre, History, 2: 27-30; Michael Rabo, Makthabanuth Zabne, 606 (French, 223).
200 Qalanisi, Dhayl Tarikh Dimashq, 212-213.
201 Qalanisi, Dhayl Tarikh Dimashq, 216; Adim, Zubdat, 2: 232.
202 Grousset, Histoire, 1: 641.
203 Adim, Zubdat, 2: 232.
204 Fulcher of Chartres, Historia, 298.
205 Adim, Zubdat, 2: 233-234; Nicholson, Joscelyn I, 77-78; Ashur, al-Haraka, 1: 528-529.
206 Athir, al-Kamil, 1: 365, and al-Tarikh al-Bahir, 41; Qalanisi, Dhayl Tarikh Dimashq, 214; William of Tyre, History, 2: 32, says al-Bursuki was stabbed to death by his servants and other members of his household; Matthew of Edessa, Armenia, 236, says he was killed by people from his nation called Hajji; Bar Hebraeus, Chronography, 88 (English, p. 252); Adim, Zubdat, 2: 234-235.
207 Michael Rabo, Makthabanuth Zabne, 609-610 (French, 225).
208 Qalanisi, Dhayl Tarikh Dimashq, 217; Athir, al-Kamil, 1: 366, 374. Adim, Zubdat, 2: 237, says Mas'ud was poisoned.
209 Athir, al-Kamil, 1: 366.
210 Athir, al-Kamil, 1: 389-390, says that Baldwin II came to Aleppo on the heels of Joscelin; Adim, Zubdat, 2: 237-238; Nicholson, Joscelyn I, 79.
211 The Anonymous Edessan, 101 (English, 98; Arabic, 125); Matthew of Edessa, Armenia, 237; Fulcher of Chartres, Historia, 297-298; William of Tyre, History, 2: 32-33; Michael Rabo, Makthabanuth Zabne, 609 (French, 224); Bar Hebraeus, Chronography, 88-89 (English, 253); Runciman, A History of the Crusades, 2: 175-176.
212 Usama ibn Munqidh, Kitab al-I'tibar, trans. Hitti, 150; Athir, al-Kamil, 1: 476, and by the same author, al-Tarikh al-Bahir, 99.
213 Fulcher of Chartres, Historia, 303; Matthew of Edessa, Armenia, 237; William of Tyre, History, 2: 33; The Anonymous Edessan, 101 (English, 98; Arabic, 125); Nicholson, Joscelyn I, 80, n. 421.
214 Usama ibn Munqidh, Kitab, 150.
215 William of Tyre, History, 2: 33-34; Nicholson, Joscelyn I, 81, n. 422.
216 B. Kugler, Geschichte der Kreuzzüge (Berlin: G. Grotesche Verlagsbuchhandlung, 1880), 116.
217 William of Tyre, History, 2: 34.
218 Michael Rabo, Makthabanuth Zabne, 609 (French, 224); Bar Hebraeus, Chronography, 88-89 (English, 253).
219 Matthew of Edessa, Armenia, 237.
220 William of Tyre, History, 2: 34-45; Nicholson, Joscelyn I, 82.
221 Michael Rabo, Makthabanuth Zabne, 609 (French, 224). Bar Hebraeus, Chronography, 88-89 (English, 253), says the Turks of Aleppo bribed Joscelin's Frankish cooks with gold, then made him and six of his knights drink deadly poison.
222 Michael Rabo, Makthabanuth Zabne, 609 (French, 227); Bar Hebraeus, Chronography, 89 (English, 255).
223 Michael Rabo, Makthabanuth Zabne^ 609 (French, 227); Bar Hebraeus, Chronography, 89 (English, 255).
224 The Anonymous Edessan, 102 (English, 99; Arabic, 126-127).
225 William of Tyre, History, 2: 51-52, n. 16; Röhricht, Geschichte des Königreichs Jerusalem, 203.
226 William of Tyre, History, 2: 44-45; Michael Rabo, Makthabanuth Zabne, 612 (French, 230), says Joscelin came to Antioch with Baldwin II; Bar Hebraeus, 89 (English, 255); Nicholson, Joscelyn I, 88-89, and "The Growth of the Latin States," 1: 431; Runciman, A History of the Crusades, 2: 184.
227 Adim, Zubdat, 2: 246-247.
228 William of Tyre, History, 2: 51; Michael Rabo, Makthabanuth Zabne, 614-615 (French, 236), incorrectly places Baldwin's death and the marriage of Fulk to Melisend in the year 1135.
229 William of Tyre, History, 2: 51.
230 William of Tyre, History, 2: 55.
231 William of Tyre, History, 2: 59-60, 77-79.
232 William of Tyre, History, 2: 51-52, says that Joscelin went to challenge Sultan Kilij Arslan. See Michael Rabo, Makthabanuth Zabne, 614 (French, 236); The Anonymous Edessan, 103 (English, 99-100; Arabic, 128); Bar Hebraeus, Chronography, 89 (English, 255); Nicholson, Joscelyn I, 91.
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