Bibliography
Opens in separate window.
1. Al-Sarraf, al-Shabak, 118-121.
2. E W. Hasluck, Christianity and Islam, 1:124-25.
3. Dunmore, report dated 24 October in Missionary Herald (1854): 56.
4. Herrick, report dated 16 November 1865, 68; and Grenard, "Une Secte Religieuse," 519.
5. Stead, "The Ali Ilahi Sect," 186-87; and Samuel Graham Wilson, Persian Life and Customs, 234-35.
6. J. G. Taylor, "Journal of a Tour," 297 and 320.
7. Grenard, "Une Secte Religieuse," 518-19.
8. White, "Survivals of Primitive Religions," 151-52. Cf. H. J. Van Lennep,
Travels in Little Known Parts of Asia Minor, 1:293 and 295; and David Marshall Lang, The Armenians: A People in Exile (London: George Allen and Unwin, 1981), 161.
9. Stead, "The Ali Ilahi Sect," 185-86. White associates the Devil's worship, which he calls "bondage through fear of evil spirits" with the "bondage through fear of the evil eye." See White, "Survivals of Primitive Religions," 158.
10. Samuel Graham Wilson, Persian Life and Customs, 240.
11. Al-Sarraf, al-Shabak, 116.
12. Samuel Graham Wilson, Persian Life and Customs, 240.
13. See Kitab Ta'lim al-Diyana al-Nusayriyya, Arab MS. 6182, question 1 and its answer, fol. 2, Bibliothèque Nationale, which affirms that Ali is the creator of mankind; and extracts from Kitab al-Mashyakha, in Lyde, The Asian Mystery, 111-16, 124, 233-42, and 271.
14. On all of these points, see Dunmore, report dated 24 October in Missionary Herald (1854): 55-56; Parson, ibid., 54 (1858): 23-24, Nutting, ibid., 56 (1860): 345-47, Herrick, ibid., 62 (1866): 68-69; M. E Grenard, "Une Secte Religieuse," 512-19; Taylor, "Journal of a Tour in Armenia," 319-32; G. E. White, "The Shia Turks," Faith and Thought, Journal of the Transaction of the Victoria Institute, 40 (1908): 236; Horatio Southgate, Narrative of a Tour Through Armenia, Kurdistan, Persia, and Mesopotamia, (New York, 1844) 2:140-41; and E W. Hasluck, Christianity and Islam under the Sultans (Oxford, 1929), 1:144-58.
15. See previous chapters of this book on the Ahl-i Haqq, and Charles Wilson, Handbook for Travellers, 68.
16. On all these points, consult the authorities cited above in footnote 14.
17. See Nutting, report dated 30 July 1860, 345-46.
18. White, "The Shia Turks," 230.
19. Ramsay, Pauline and Other Studies in Early Christian History (New York: A. C. Armstrong & Son, 1906), 180; and idem, "The Intermixture of Races in Asia Minor: Some of its Causes and Effects," Proceedings of the British Academy 7 (1917), 20.
20. Grenard, "Une Secte Religieuse," 513.
21. Trowbridge, "The Alevis, or Deifiers of Ali," 353.
22. Samuel Graham Wilson, Persian Life and Customs, 238, 240.
23. Stead, "The Ali Ilahi Sect," 189. Cf. Southgate, Narrative of a Tour,
2:140-42. Southgate considers the Ali Ilahis of Kerind as the remnants of ancient pagans in Assyria and Mesopotamia.
24. De Gobineau, Trois ans en Asie, 339.
25. White, "Survivals of Primitive Religions," 161.
26. For the spread of Christianity among the ancient Turks and Mongols, see Cheikho, "al-Nasraniyya bayn Qudama al-Turk wa al-Maghul" (Christianity Among the Ancient Turks and Mongols), al-Mashriq 26 (1913): 747-72; and Alphonse Mingana, The Early Spread of Christianity in Central Asia and the Far East: A New Document (Manchester: The University Press, 1925), printed with additions in the Bulletin of the John Rylands Library 9, no. 1 (July 1925); and Barthold, Zur Geschichte des Christentums in Mittel-Asien bis zur mongolischen Eroberung, trans, from the Russian into German by Rudolf Stübe (Tübingen und Leipzig: J. C. B. Mohr, 1901), 1-73.
27. Wittek, "Zur Geschichte Angoras im Mittelalter," 339.
28. Shaw, History of the Ottoman Empire, 1:121.
29. W. J. Hamilton, Researches in Asia Minor, Pontus, and Armenia with Some Account of their Antiquities and Geologies, (London: J. Murray, 1842), 1:240.
30. Ramsay, Impressions of Turkey, 242.
31. Southgate, Narrative of a Visit, 32 n. 1
32. Cuinet, La Turquie d'Asie, 1:121.
33. Southgate, Narrative of a Visit, 31 n.l.
34. E W. Hasluck, Christianity and Islam, 2:469-72.
35. Ibid., 1:8-97.
36. Jacob, "Die Baktaschijje," 15.
37. Von Hammer-Purgstall, Histoire de I'Empire Ottoman, 1:31.
38. Birge, Bektashi Order, 28.
39. F. Sarre, Reise in Kleinasien—Sommer 1895. Forschungen zur Seldjukischen Kunst und Geographie des Landes (Berlin: D. Reimer, 1896), 39-41; and Tamara Talbot Rice, The Seljuks in Asia Minor (New York: Frederick A. Praeger, 1961), 66.
40. Clement Huart, Konia, la ville des Derviches Tourneurs, Souvenirs, d'une Voyage en Asie Mineure (Paris: E. Leroux, 1897), 214-16.
41. Von Hammer-Purgstall, Histoire de l'Empire Ottoman, 1:45-47; E. Pears, The Destruction of the Greek Empire and the Story of the Capture of Constantinople by the Turks (London: Longman, Green, 1903), 56; and Hasluck, Christianity and Islam, 2:370-71.
42. Yacoub Artin Pacha, Contributions a l'Étude du Blazon en Orient (London: B. Quaritch, 1902), 149.
43. Rice, The Seljuks in Asia Minor, 114.
44. Ibid., and Wittek, "Yazijioglu Ali on the Christian Turks of Dobruja," Bulletin of the British School of Oriental and African Studies 14, part 3 (1952): 639-68.
45. Rice, The Seljuks in Asia Minor, 114.
46. Birge, Bektashi Order, 28-33.
47. Al-Aflaki, Manaqib al-Arifin, 20-22, 44-45, and the preface by Idries Shah, 9; Ramsay, The Revolution in Constantinople and Turkey: a diary (London: Hodder and Stoughton, 1909), 202; Sir Charles Elliot, Turkey in Europe (London: E. Arnold, 1900), 185; and Hasluck, Christianity and Islam, 370-72.
48. G. Le Strange, The Lands of the Eastern Caliphate (London: Frank Cass, 1966), 146.
49. On Baba Ishaq, see chapter 2 of this book.
50. Herbert Adams Gibbons, The Foundation of the Ottoman Empire (London: Frank Cass, 1968), 29; and Shaw, History of the Ottoman Empire, 1:12-13.
51. For a more comprehensive treatment of the ruling and the subject classes in the Ottoman administration see Shaw, History of the Ottoman Empire, chapter 5, 1:112-67.
52. Ziya Gökalp, Turkish Nationalism and Western Civilization, trans. Niyazi Berkes (New York: Columbia University Press, 1959), 105.
53. Gibbons, The Foundation of the Ottoman Empire, 29 and 80-81.
54. Eli Smith and H. G. O. Dwight, Missionary Researches in Armenia including a Journey Through Asia Minor and into Georgia and Persia with a visit to the Nestorian and Chaldean Christians of Oormiah and Salmas (London: George Wightman, 1834), 83.
55. Gökalp, Turkish Nationalism, 105; Halide Edib, Turkey Faces West (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1930), 28-30; and Ramsay, Impressions of Turkey, 99.
56. Ramsay, "The Intermixture of Races in Asia Minor," 54.
57. Gökalp, Turkish Nationalism, 107; and Edib, Turkey Faces West, 37.
58. E W. Hasluck, Christianity and Islam, 2:568.
59. Eugène Marie Melchior, Vicomte de Vogüe, Histoires Orientales, (Paris: Colmann-Levy, 1911), 198.
60. Von Hammer-Purgstall, Histoire de l'Empire Ottoman, 2:181-83; Hasluck, Christianity and Islam, 2:568; Inalcik, Ottoman Empire, 188-90; Brockelmann, History of the Islamic People, 274;
Babinger, "Schejch Bedr ed-Din," 1-106; and Köprülü, Türk Edebiyatinda Ilk Mutesavviflar (Istanbul: Matbaa-Yi Amire, 1918), 234.
61. Cuinet, La Turquie de Asie, 1:341; and E W. Hasluck, Christianity and Islam, 1:83-84 and 2:571-72.
62. White, "The Shia Turks," 235.
63. Crowfoot, "Survival Among the Kappadokian Kizilbash," 305-15.
Bibliography
Opens in separate window.
Return to first page of article